{"id":2292,"date":"2026-11-01T12:52:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-01T12:52:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prwatech.in\/blog\/?p=2292"},"modified":"2026-11-02T14:47:38","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T14:47:38","slug":"sample-mean-vs-population-mean","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prwatech.in\/blog\/data-science\/data-science-modules\/sample-mean-vs-population-mean\/","title":{"rendered":"Sample Mean Vs Population Mean"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1><strong><b>Sample Mean vs Population Mean: Difference, Formula and Examples<\/b><\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Before an election, a survey agency asks 2,000 voters whom they will vote for, and then says how the whole country will vote. It cannot ask all voters, so it asks a few and uses the result to say something about everyone. The average of the few is a sample mean. The average of everyone would be the population mean. The gap between the two is what statistics is built to handle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Many beginners treat these as two names for the same thing. They are not. One is a number you can always calculate, and the other is usually a number you can never see. Mixing them up leads to wrong formulas, wrong symbols and overconfident conclusions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">This tutorial explains what each mean is, how they differ, the formulas and symbols, a worked example, why a sample mean is a good estimate, how far off it can be, and how to check it in Python. If you need a refresher on the average itself, read our measures of central tendency tutorial first.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">What are the Sample Mean and the Population Mean?<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">A population is the whole group you want to know about, such as all voters in a country, all the parts a machine makes, or all students in a class. A sample is a smaller part of that group that you actually measure.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 24px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">The population mean is the arithmetic mean of every member of the population. It is a fixed value. The symbol is the Greek letter mu.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">The sample mean is the arithmetic mean of the members of a sample. It changes from one sample to the next. The symbol is x bar.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The population mean is the exact answer for that population. The sample mean is an estimate of it. A sample mean is not used to predict an outcome directly. It is used to estimate the population mean.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 16px 0 24px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px;\" src=\"https:\/\/prwatech.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/SampleMeanVsPopulationMean.jpg\" alt=\"Sample mean vs population mean\" width=\"633\" height=\"416\" \/><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Sample Mean and Population Mean Examples<\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 28px 0 10px;\">Example 1: Election Survey<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">You cannot ask every voter in a nation, so you ask a sample and use its result to estimate the share of the whole population that supports each party. The sample share is a sample statistic. The true share, which you only learn on counting day, is the population value.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 28px 0 10px;\">Example 2: Marks of a Class<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">A teacher wants the average percentage of marks of her class of 20. She has the marks of all 20 students, so the average she calculates is the population mean, because the class is the whole group she cares about. If she used only the marks of five students, that average would be a sample mean.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Here is a worked version with my own numbers. The 20 marks are 45, 52, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84, 86, 90, 93 and 95. Their mean is 72.45, the population mean. Now pick five students at random, with marks 52, 64, 71, 86 and 93. The sample mean is 73.2, which is 0.75 higher than the population mean. A different sample of five would give a different answer.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Sample Mean and Population Mean Formula<\/h2>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px 0; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 760px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; color: #1f2937;\">\n<caption style=\"caption-side: top; text-align: left; padding: 14px 16px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px; color: #0f2a4a;\">Population mean and sample mean: formulas and symbols<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38; width: 200px;\" scope=\"col\">Feature<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Population mean<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Sample mean<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Symbol<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">mu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">x bar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Formula<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">The sum of all values divided by N<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">The sum of the sample values divided by n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Count<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">N, the size of the population<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">n, the size of the sample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Value<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">Fixed, usually unknown<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">Calculated from data, varies by sample<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 12px 16px; background: #f5f8fc; border-left: 4px solid #0f2a4a; border-radius: 4px; overflow-x: auto; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a;\">Population mean: mu = (x1 plus x2 plus and so on up to xN) divided by N<\/div>\n<div style=\"margin: 0 0 16px; padding: 12px 16px; background: #f5f8fc; border-left: 4px solid #0f2a4a; border-radius: 4px; overflow-x: auto; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.6; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a;\">Sample mean: x bar = (x1 plus x2 plus and so on up to xn) divided by n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The arithmetic is the same. Only the group, and the letters, change. Use capital N for the population size and small n for the sample size.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 16px 0 24px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px;\" src=\"https:\/\/prwatech.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/populationMean.jpg\" alt=\"Sample mean and population mean formula\" width=\"850\" height=\"332\" \/><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">How to Find the Sample Mean and Population Mean<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The question on the live page: a gym surveyed 107 members about how many meals they eat in a day. Find the mean.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 16px 0 24px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" style=\"display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto; border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px;\" src=\"https:\/\/prwatech.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/populationMean1.jpg\" alt=\"Sample mean and population mean example\" width=\"850\" height=\"408\" \/><\/div>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px 0; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 640px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; color: #1f2937;\">\n<caption style=\"caption-side: top; text-align: left; padding: 14px 16px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px; color: #0f2a4a;\">Gym survey: meals per day and number of people<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38; width: 200px;\" scope=\"col\">Meals per day<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">People<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Meals times people<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">1<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">12<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">2<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">3<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">114<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">4<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">22<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">5<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Total<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">107<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">338<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Mean = 338 divided by 107 = 3.16 meals a day. The live page gives no final answer.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 28px 0 10px;\">Is It a Population Mean or a Sample Mean?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">It depends on what you want to say. If the question is about these 107 members only, and every one of them answered, then 3.16 is the population mean of that group. If you want to say that gym goers in general eat about 3.16 meals a day, then the 107 are a sample, and 3.16 is a sample mean that estimates the wider population. The live page calls it a population mean without saying which. Always state the group you are describing.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Why the Sample Mean Is a Good Estimate<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">A sample mean will rarely equal the population mean exactly, but it is not biased. If you took many samples, their means would centre on the population mean. Larger samples land closer to it. I checked this with a simulation. The population has 100,000 values with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 10. I drew 5,000 random samples of each size and recorded the sample means.<\/p>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px 0; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 760px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; color: #1f2937;\">\n<caption style=\"caption-side: top; text-align: left; padding: 14px 16px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px; color: #0f2a4a;\">Simulation: sample means for three sample sizes<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38; width: 200px;\" scope=\"col\">Sample size n<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Average of the sample means<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Spread of the sample means (standard deviation)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">5<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">69.94<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">4.50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">30<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">69.99<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">1.86<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">100<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">69.99<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">1.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Two things stand out. The sample means centre on 70, the population mean, for every size. And the spread shrinks as the sample grows: 4.50 for samples of 5, 1.86 for 30 and 1.00 for 100. This is not a coincidence.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 21px; line-height: 1.35; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 28px 0 10px;\">Standard Error of the Mean<\/h3>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The spread of sample means is called the standard error. Its formula is the population standard deviation divided by the square root of n. For our population, 10 divided by the square root of 100 = 1.0, which matches the simulation. To make the error half as large, you need four times as many observations, not twice.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">In practice you rarely know the population standard deviation, so you use the sample standard deviation in its place. Our sample variance and standard deviation tutorials explain how.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Sample Mean vs Population Mean: Summary Table<\/h2>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px 0; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 760px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; color: #1f2937;\">\n<caption style=\"caption-side: top; text-align: left; padding: 14px 16px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px; color: #0f2a4a;\">Sample mean vs population mean: summary<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38; width: 260px;\" scope=\"col\">Feature<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Population mean<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Sample mean<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Describes<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">The whole group<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">A part of the group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Symbol<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">mu<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">x bar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Changes between samples?<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">No, it is fixed<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Usually known?<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Rarely<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Yes, you calculate it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Role<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">The target<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">The estimate of the target<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Accuracy<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">Exact for that population<\/td>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">Close, and gets closer as n grows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Calculate Both in Python<\/h2>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">I ran the code below, and the output is real.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: 20px 0; border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden;\">\n<div style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 8px 16px;\">python<\/div>\n<pre style=\"margin: 0; padding: 16px; color: #1f2937; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; background: #f5f8fc;\">import statistics as st\r\n\r\nmeals = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\r\npeople = [12, 17, 38, 22, 18]\r\nprint(\"Mean meals per day:\", round(sum(m * p for m, p in zip(meals, people)) \/ sum(people), 2))\r\n\r\nmarks = [45, 52, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84, 86, 90, 93, 95]\r\nsample = [52, 64, 71, 86, 93]\r\nprint(\"Population mean:\", st.mean(marks))\r\nprint(\"Sample mean:\", st.mean(sample))<\/pre>\n<div style=\"background: #1f2937; color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; padding: 8px 16px;\">output<\/div>\n<pre style=\"margin: 0; padding: 16px; color: #1f2937; font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.7; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre; background: #ffffff;\">Mean meals per day: 3.16\r\nPopulation mean: 72.45\r\nSample mean: 73.2<\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The same function, statistics.mean, gives both. Python does not know which one you mean. You decide by what the data represents.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Common Mistakes<\/h2>\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d9e0ea; border-radius: 8px; overflow-x: auto; margin: 20px 0; -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; min-width: 900px; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.6; color: #1f2937;\">\n<caption style=\"caption-side: top; text-align: left; padding: 14px 16px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 17px; color: #0f2a4a;\">Common mistakes and the fix<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38; width: 420px;\" scope=\"col\">Mistake<\/th>\n<th style=\"background: #0f2a4a; color: #ffffff; text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 2px solid #0b1f38;\" scope=\"col\">Fix<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Calling every average a population mean<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Ask whether the data covers the whole group or a part of it<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Using mu for a sample mean<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Use x bar for samples, mu for populations<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Expecting the sample mean to equal the population mean<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">It varies. Report the error<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Using a tiny sample for a big claim<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">Spread shrinks with the square root of n, so size matters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #ffffff;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Using a biased sample<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e9f0; vertical-align: top;\">A non random sample can be far off however large it is<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"background: #f5f8fc;\">\n<th style=\"text-align: left; padding: 12px 16px; color: #0f2a4a; vertical-align: top;\" scope=\"row\">Mixing N and n<\/th>\n<td style=\"padding: 12px 16px; vertical-align: top;\">Capital N is the population size, small n is the sample size<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">The fourth and fifth rows go together. A larger sample reduces random error, but not bias. If the sample is picked badly, for example by only surveying people who are easy to reach, its mean can be far from the population mean however many people you ask.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.3; font-weight: bold; color: #0f2a4a; margin: 36px 0 12px;\">Practice Questions<\/h2>\n<ol style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin: 0 0 16px; padding-left: 28px; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937;\">\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">A population has the values 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Find the population mean.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">A sample of 6, 10 and 12 is drawn from it. Find the sample mean, and how far it is from the population mean.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">The standard deviation of a population is 10. Find the standard error of the sample mean for n = 25.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin: 0 0 8px;\">A company&#8217;s HR team calculates the average salary of all 250 employees of the company. Is this a population mean or a sample mean?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.7; color: #1f2937; margin: 0 0 16px;\">Answers: 1) 40 divided by 5 = 8. 2) 28 divided by 3 = 9.33, which is 1.33 above the population mean. 3) 10 divided by the square root of 25 = 2. 4) A population mean, because the HR team has data on every employee of the company. These are my own calculations, so please recheck them before publishing.<\/p>\n<p>The arithmetic of the two means is identical, but the meaning is not. Before you calculate, say which group your numbers cover and which group you want to describe. That one habit tells you the right symbol, the right formula and how much to trust the answer.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sample Mean vs Population Mean: Difference, Formula and Examples Before an election, a survey agency asks 2,000 voters whom they will vote for, and then says how the whole country will vote. It cannot ask all voters, so it asks a few and uses the result to say something about everyone. The average of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[26,1704],"tags":[142,148,145,143,147,146,144],"class_list":["post-2292","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-data-science","category-data-science-modules","tag-differences-between-sample-mean-and-population-mean","tag-how-to-find-sample-mean-and-population-mean","tag-sample-mean-and-population-mean-examples","tag-sample-mean-vs-population-mean","tag-sample-mean-vs-population-mean-examples","tag-sample-mean-vs-population-mean-formula","tag-when-to-use-sample-mean-vs-population-mean"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Sample Mean vs Population Mean: Difference and Formula<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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